Cultutral Studies-Types of Cultural Studies

Cultural Studies-Types of Cultural Studies

Sr. no.	Types of cultural Studies `	Major writers & their works (year)	Thought, Ideas, Concepts
(1)	British cultural materialism	- Matthew Arnold	-  Redefine the “givens “ of British culture - Analyses of bourgeois culture.
		- Edward Burnett Tylor’s pioneering anthropological study  “Primitive Culture “ (1871).	- Culture or civilization, taken in its widest ethnographic sense, is a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society “.
		- Claude Levi-Strauss (work – The Raw and the cooked in 1975)	- To attribute culture the working class as well as the elite.
		- Gramsci  (Selection from the prison notebooks)	- Concept of “hegemony”
		-  Althusser (For Marx 1965)	- Concept of ideology
		-  Walter Benjamitn	- Concept of “aura of culture “.
		- Lukacas	- Reflection theory
		- Bakhtin Mikhail (The dialogue imagination)	- Concept of “Disinterested “.
(2)	New Historicism	- Michel warner	- “The text is historical and history is textual”.
		- Frederick Jamson	- “Always historicize”
		- Stephen Greenblatt	- “New Historicism “
		-  Michael Foucault	- “Theory of power and knowledge “.
		- H. Aram veeser	- “The moment of exchange “.
		-  Porter	- “World views magisterially unfolding as a series of table in a flim called progress”.
(3)	American multiculturalism	-  Richard Lewontin	- He found that most genetic differences were within racial groups not between them.
		- Henry Louis Gates	- Uses the word “Race” only in quotation marks, for it pretends to be an objective term of classification “.
Ø  1.	African American writers	- Ralph Ellison	- He argued that any “Viable theory of Negro American culture obligates us to fashion a more adequate theory of American culture as Whole”.
		- Folkloric	- Concept of humankind, a “Double Consciousness “.
		- Hurston	- Concept of “Niggerati”, celebrated, black culture.
Ø  2.	Latina/O writers	- Latonas	- They have the task of redefining not only ethnicity but also gender roles and histories different from their men.
		- Rudolfo Anaya (Bless me, Ultima(1973)	- Focuses on the impact of world war 2 on a small community in a New Mexico.
		- Guadalupe Hidalgo	- Concept of early trajectories to refer to sequence timing and speed.
Ø  3.	American Indian Literature
Ø  4.	Asian American writers	- Edward Said	- Concept of orientalism
(4)	Post Modernism and Popular culture 1.       Post Modernism	- Henry james (The art of fiction)	- Using new techniques drawn from psychology, experimented with point of view, time, space, and  stream of consciousness writing.
		- Jean Francois Lyotard	- He argues that the stability is maintained through “Grand narratives “ or “Master narratives “.
	2.       Popular culture	-	-
(5)	Postcolonial Studies	- Edward Said	-  “Concept of orientalism “.
		- Gayatri chakravorty Spivak	- Theory of “Subaltern “.
		- Homi K. Bhabha	- Post colonialism theory involves analysis of nationality, ethnicity and politics with poststructuralist ideas of identity and indeterminacy, defining postcolonial identities as shifting, hybrid constructions.